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Zoonotic disease research in East Africa BMC Infectious Diseases The East African region is endemic with multiple zoonotic diseases and is one of the hotspots for emerging infectious zoonotic diseases with reported multiple outbreaks of epidemic diseases such as Ebola, Marburg and Rift Valley Fever. Here we present a systematic assessment of published research on zoonotic diseases in the region and thesis research in Kenya to understand the regional research focus and trends in publications, and estimate proportion of theses research transitioning to peer-reviewed journal publications. Methods We searched PubMed, Google Scholar and African Journals Online databases for publications on 36 zoonotic diseases identified to have occurred in the East Africa countries of Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda, for the period between 1920 and 2017. We searched libraries and queried online repositories for masters and PhD theses on these diseases produced between 1970 and 2016 in five universities and two research institutions in Kenya. Results We identified 771 journal articles on 22, and 168 theses on 21 of the 36 zoonotic diseases investigated. Research on zoonotic diseases increased exponentially with the last 10 years of our study period contributing more than half of all publications 460 (60%) and theses 102 (61%) retrieved. Endemic diseases were the most studied accounting for 656 (85%) and 150 (89%) of the publication and theses studies respectively, with publications on epidemic diseases associated with outbreaks reported in the region or elsewhere. Epidemiological studies were the most common study types but limited to cross-sectional studies while socio-economics were the least studied. Only 11% of the theses research transitioned to peer-review publications, taking an average of 2.5 years from theses production to manuscript publication. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate increased attention to zoonotic diseases in East Africa but reveal the need to expand the scope, focus and quality of studies to adequately address the public health, social and economic threats posed by zoonoses. Peer Review reports Background Nearly two-thirds of human infectious diseases and majority of emerging infectious diseases exerting heavy public health and economic burden to the global community originate from animals [1,2,3]. Based on their impact and epidemiological characteristics, these zoonotic diseases have been categorized into the more common endemic zoonoses such as salmonellosis, brucellosis and leptospirosis which are responsible for more than 2.2 million human deaths and 2.4 billion cases of illness annually, and the less common epidemic and emerging zoonoses such as anthrax, Rift Valley fever, Ebola, Zika which either occur in sporadic outbreaks in neglected populations or that are new or re-appearing with increased incidence or geographical range [4]. Zoonoses and diseases recently emerged from animals have been estimated to contribute more than a quarter of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to infectious diseases in low income settings such as sub-Saharan Africa, and less than 1% in high income countries [5]. The attention given to zoonotic diseases has however focused more on emerging zoonoses that pose global economic and health threats and less on the endemic zoonotic diseases which tend to occur among populations with little political voice [6,7,8]. The emergence of zoonotic diseases has been accompanied by research to understand when, how, and where they emerge, their pathogenesis and progression, diagnostics and treatment, and strategies for their prevention and control [9, 10]. Taking the example of the recent emergence of HIV, research has played a critical role to understand when and from where HIV emerged, understanding its transmission and pathogenesis, development of anti-retroviral drugs, and prevention modalities that have made its control as a global pandemic possible [10]. Thorough research, environmental, biological, economic and social drivers of disease emergence have been identified [11, 12], hotspots for emergence of wildlife and vector-borne zoonotic diseases identified to be regions in the lower latitudes [3]. Here we focus on East Africa region which has been identified as one of the zoonoses hotspot regions with a high prevalence of endemic zoonotic diseases [4], and where like in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa has a large rural population that lives in close proximity with livestock and wildlife. In order to understand the regional research trends on zoonotic diseases, we conduct a systematic assessment of published literature on zoonotic diseases in the region and theses research in Kenya, characterize the publications, and determine the transition of theses research to peer-reviewed publications. Methods Selection of zoonotic diseases and search strategy We used a list of 36 zoonotic diseases suspected or known to be present in the East Africa region identified by a team of public health and veterinary experts in zoonoses in Kenya (see Table 3 in the referenced article) [13]. Using PubMed, Google scholar and African Journal of Science, we searched for published articles on these zoonotic diseases in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and Ethiopia for the period between 1920 and 2017. The search terms included a combination of the zoonotic disease and the East Africa region and then in the specific country e.g. ‘Anthrax East Africa’; ‘Anthrax Kenya’; ‘Anthrax Tanzania’; ‘Anthrax Uganda’; ‘Anthrax Ethiopia’; ‘Anthrax Rwanda’; ‘Anthrax Burundi’. References in the identified articles were reviewed for additional publications. Only articles in English or in French with an English abstract on research on any of the 36 zoonotic diseases conducted in any of the East Africa countries were considered for further evaluation. In addition, we conducted a review of MSc and PhD theses submitted to five major universities in Kenya (University of Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Moi University, Egerton University and Kenyatta University) that have offered graduate training in either medical, veterinary, or public health for at least 20 years. We included theses research available in two biomedical research institutions in Kenya: the Kenya Medical Research Institute and Institute of Primate Research. The theses search at the Universities and research institutions was carried out in two stages. The first stage included a systematic search of online repositories of the various study institutions queried using search terms for each of the specific zoonotic diseases of interest e.g. ‘Anthrax’, ‘Trypanosomiasis’. Stage two entailed visiting each institution’s library and conducting a physical verification of the theses and dissertations, and updating the list generated in stage-one. Information including thesis title, author names and year of degree award were counter-checked and verified. Researchers at the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Institute of Primate Research were contacted and requested to provide information on relevant theses and dissertations awarded in any of the five study universities available in their institutions’ libraries. The theses and dissertations selected were based on the following inclusion criteria: i) theses and dissertations with data on any of the 36 zoonotic diseases of interest ii) research carried out in Kenya between the period 1970–2016. For diseases such as trypanosomiasis, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis with both zoonotic and non-zoonotic species, only studies specific to zoonotic species were considered. Data management and cleaning Data variables extracted from the identified articles and theses included author, title, country, disease studied, pathogen species, journal, affiliation institution of first author, year of publication/year degree award, University name, subject of the study and study species (human or livestock or wildlife). By comparing details of the theses and journal publications retrieved, we determined theses research that had been published in peer-reviewed journals. For analysis, the studies were classified into any of three categories: laboratory, epidemiology or socio-economic studies. A study was considered a laboratory study if it was an experimental study conducted within a laboratory setting, or studies developing, testing or comparing diagnostic methods. Studies were considered epidemiological if they determined the distribution, prevalence, incidence, mortality and morbidity rate, associated risk factors, knowledge and practices and control and prevention of the disease. Epidemiological studies were further classified based on the epidemiological study design to determine the most common design methods used. Studies determining the socio-economic impact of zoonotic diseases in either humans, animals or both were classified under socio-economic category. All the data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet, and imported in to R statistical software for analysis [14]. Results Study selection A total of 1170 articles were retrieved from PubMed and an additional 10 from Google Scholar and five from African Journals Online databases. Out of the 1185 articles, 390 were removed for being either duplicates, research conducted outside of East Africa or on diseases not selected for this study. A further 24 articles were dropped since full publications or abstracts were unavailable or not in English, remaining with 771 publications for analysis, Fig. 1. The 771 journal articles covered 22 of the 36 zoonotic diseases evaluated, Table 1. Fig. 1 Flow diagram summarizing the selection process of publications included in the review Full size image Table 1 Summary of the zoonotic diseases from publications in East Africa and theses from Kenyan Universities analysed in this study Full size table Our search terms identified 326 theses and dissertations from the online digital repositories of the five study universities in Kenya. Physical visits retrieved an additional 12 theses from the university libraries, 36 from the Kenya Medical Research Institute, and 15 from the Institute of Primate Research in Kenya. From the total of 389 theses and dissertations identified, 221 were dropped for either being duplicates or not meeting the inclusion criteria. In total 168 theses covering 21 of the 36 zoonotic diseases evaluated were included in the analysis, Table 1. Published data research trends The number of publications on zoonotic diseases from the region has been increasing by year, with 460 (60%) published in the last 10 years. Epidemiological studies were the most common studies accounting for 585 (76%) of all publications reviewed, while laboratory studies were 172 (22%) and socio-economic studies 14 (2%), Fig. 2. By analyzing a random sample of 20% of the studies categorized as epidemiological, we found 75% of the study designs used were cross-sectional or case reports, 15% longitudinal study designs and the remaining case-control studies, reviews and modelling papers. Fig. 2 Diagram showing the annual publications on zoonotic diseases in East Africa region by study type Full size image More than half (52%) of the publications were on four (trypanosomiasis, brucellosis, Rift Valley Fever and rabies) of 22 diseases studied with Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Burundi, contributing 39%, 22%, 21%, 15%, 2% and 1% of the total number of articles published respectively, Fig. 3. Publications on trypanosomiasis were mainly from Kenya and Uganda, Rift Valley fever mainly from Kenya with a few studies in Tanzania, Ebola primarily in Uganda, rabies in Tanzania and Ethiopia, patterns likely related to the incidence of the diseases in specific countries or interests in specific diseases by research groups working in those countries. Fig. 3 Diagram showing proportion of publications on the 22 zoonotic diseases in East Africa by country Full size image Overall, endemic zoonotic diseases accounted for more than 85% of all publications from the region, with publications on epidemic diseases such as Rift Valley fever, Ebola, Marburg and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus associated with years when outbreaks of the diseases occurred in the region or elsewhere in the world (for example the Rift Valley fever epidemics of 2007/2008 in East Africa or MERS-CoV publications after the first reports of the disease in Saudi Arabia in 2012), Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Diagram showing number of publications for specific zoonotic diseases over time Full size image Thesis data research trends The University of Nairobi, the first university to be established in the country, had 101 (60%) of the theses followed by Kenyatta University 32 (19%), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 26 (15%), Moi University 6 (4%) and Egerton University 3 (2%). The number of theses produced per year increased with 102 (61%) of the theses produced in the last 10 years. Like the published data from the East Africa region, epidemiological studies were the most common accounting for 96 (57%), laboratory studies 70 (42%) and socio-economic 2 (1%) of all theses studies completed, Fig. 5. Fig. 5 Diagram showing the number of theses on zoonotic diseases and the study type produced by the five main Kenyan Universities between 1970 and 2017 Full size image Like the published data, majority 150 (89%) of theses on zoonoses in Universities in Kenya were on endemic diseases, with only a few focused on epidemic diseases Rift Valley fever 17 (10%) and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 1 (1%). By comparing the thesis research data and the published data for Kenya, we found only 11% of the theses research transitioned to peer-review publications. Among the 11% theses whose data was published in peer-reviewed journals, it took an average of 2.5 years from year the thesis was produced to publication of the manuscript (range 0–8). Figure 6 shows the total number of theses for each of the 21 zoonotic diseases evaluated and the proportion for each that were published in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Fig. 6 Figure showing the number of theses produced for each of the 21 zoonotic diseases studied in Kenya, and the number of theses research published in peer-reviewed journals Full size image Discussion Our review of research trends on zoonotic diseases in East Africa has revealed a marked increase in publications and theses during the last decade, greater research focus on endemic diseases compared to epidemic diseases whose publications appear associated with specific disease outbreaks, focus on epidemiology type research and little of socio-economic studies, and a low and delayed transition of theses research into peer-reviewed journal publications. For both journal publications from the East Africa region and theses production from Kenya on zoonotic diseases, two-thirds have come out in the last 10 years. This growth in zoonotic disease research is partly driven by the local and global recognition of the threats from zoonotic diseases and efforts to implement one health approaches in combating the public health and economic threats posed by these diseases. For example, Kenya established a One Health office referred to as the Zoonotic disease unit and one of its mandates is to stimulate and conduct research and training at the human-animal-ecosystem interfaces [15]. Most of the countries involved in this review including Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Ethiopia have established similar One Health offices or have organizations and networks created to conduct One Health training, research and outreach [16]. Publication output of countries has been associated with the level of national research spending and English proficiency [17]. These factors could be at play in East Africa region as well, with notable increase in the number of Universities established in the last 20 years [18]. The relatively fewer publications coming from Rwanda and Burundi may be associated with the two countries being French speaking, or political instability during the study period covered in our review. Although much of the current global focus on zoonoses is mainly directed to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, our findings from both scientific and theses research highlight the importance of endemic zoonotic diseases compared to the epidemic prone emerging zoonoses such as Ebola, Marburg, highly pathogenic influenza virus and MERS-CoV in the region. This finding is supported by results of zoonotic disease prioritization carried out in Kenya and Ethiopia which have identified endemic zoonotic diseases as top priority [13, 19]. Publications on emerging zoonoses in the region were associated with outbreaks of the disease in the region or elsewhere in the world. Research on Rift Valley Fever heightened following the 2006/2007 outbreaks of the disease that occurred in Tanzania and Kenya [20]. The upward trend in publications on Ebola correspond to the Ebola outbreaks that occurred in various places in Uganda in 2000, 2007, 2011, and 2012 [21,22,23,24]. Such peaks in publications associated with disease outbreaks have been reported elsewhere including outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Asia, Ebola in West Africa and MERS-CoV in the Middle East [25]. Although the bulk of the published research on zoonotic diseases is epidemiological, the finding that three-quarters of the studies were either case reports or cross-sectional studies limits utility of the data to mainly prevalence estimation and determination of associations between exposures and outcomes. Longitudinal studies, although more expensive and taking longer to conduct, allow for estimation of incidence rates, inference of causation and understanding transmission dynamics of infectious diseases [26]. Although both endemic and emerging zoonotic diseases have been associated with large public health and economic losses [3, 4, 27, 28], only a small proportion of the studies from the region have focused on socio-economics. Experiences from recent outbreak in zoonotic diseases in Africa revealed the need for studies that advance disease detection, diagnosis, predicting risk, understanding disease transmission dynamics, pathogen phylogenetics and phylogeography, and inform likely outcomes of available interventions including social and economic factors [20, 29,30,31,32,33]. Our study included review of theses research in Kenyan universities and revealed that up to 89% of the research failed to transition to peer-reviewed publications. Coupled with the 2.5 years average time delay between thesis production and manuscript publication for the 11% that were published, our results demonstrate that a considerable amount of zoonotic research work in the country and probably in the larger East Africa are not widely disseminated or immediately available to public health practitioners or policy makers. It is not clear why such a situation exists but it may be related to researchers’ only being keen to obtain an academic qualification or lack of proper academic support towards peer review publication. Recent change in policy on post-graduate education in Kenya making it mandatory for post-graduate students to show evidence of publication before being allowed to graduate may change the trend in dissemination of research findings, including those on zoonotic diseases. Conclusion There is a marked increase in the number of research studies on zoonoses in the region mostly focused on endemic diseases, with publications on epidemic diseases triggered by outbreaks. Aspects of diseases such as incidence, economic impact, diagnostics and transmission dynamics are not given much attention and this remains a major knowledge gap. This improved research will lead to better public health interventions that reduce transmission and disease burden, and improve the well-being of both human and livestock populations in the region. https://afohnet.org/resources-1 daily 0.75 2020-07-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1594212802402-UVE0EW4FNPUV7IT7MNW7/ian-macharia-7k91OUDYAQ0-unsplash.jpg RESOURCES 1 - Resource Section Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. 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Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum. https://afohnet.org/education-for-teachers daily 0.75 2020-10-07 https://afohnet.org/tedson-test daily 0.75 2020-10-28 https://afohnet.org/faq daily 0.75 2020-11-02 https://afohnet.org/contact daily 0.75 2022-04-13 https://afohnet.org/support-for-communities daily 0.75 2020-12-01 https://afohnet.org/materials-for-learning daily 0.75 2020-12-01 https://afohnet.org/african-networks daily 0.75 2020-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1606920791438-XPUWPEZX6Q7L9FJRI38W/AOHN003_DOH_HiResLogo.jpg African Networks Department of Health, South Africa https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1606812429588-E5JRI1NN7WCB3ZO0DJZ7/UP+OHC.jpg African Networks - University of Pretoria OneHealth4Change University of Pretoria OneHealth4Change https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1606920896788-2G3OA4IHTW5JXZQTH1B9/AOHN004_Makereke+University.jpg African Networks Makereke University https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ec321c2af33de48734cc929/1589847810059-DD42TW118D0HPYA5VMXV/image-asset.jpeg African Networks https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1606921101696-BAA69O5J79FHH64HOO3M/AOHN005_+Institut+pasteur+de+Bangui.jpg African Networks Institut Pasteur de Bangui https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1606921200204-S76C2NZDQOY025JYO0GH/AOHN001_EHS+Consultancy+Ltd.png African Networks EHS Consultancy Ltd https://afohnet.org/news daily 0.75 2022-08-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/4d85deef-d272-4fcd-98cd-7cd42a5e056e/Africa+CDC+Monkey+pox.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/d90aa467-f913-405f-ae8d-f9809e5c9ddb/OHHLEP.jpg News One Health High Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP) releases annual report for 2021 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1628836226978-ZNGPG0PWWM9W058G4CTH/Marburg+Adfrica+SDC.jpg News - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1616747659929-AEGESRLOP67DDA0HG3IW/Covid%2B19%2BAfrica.jpg News - The first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a cross-sectional study Although the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic progressed more slowly in Africa than the rest of the world, by December 2020, the second wave appeared to be much more aggressive with many more cases. To date, the pandemic situation in all 55 African Union (AU) Member States has not been comprehensively reviewed. We aimed to evaluate reported COVID-19 epidemiology data to better understand the pandemic’s progression in Africa. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1614161966753-F9X5TSZTP7CIODZA430W/One+Health+Practices.jpg News https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1614162375526-BEHTLSWFWMLWZ05M6ARR/Ebola+outbreak.jpg News https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1614158852168-0OCH69D1IRMRFFMXABL4/One+Health+landscape.jpg News https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1614160696810-64P4X1DYWMMNP6MMHBVX/WNV.jpg News https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1610532193634-QPNWVKL1J90KKP6SABYR/Hand_Massage_732x549-thumbnail.jpg News https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1610674917666-UDD71BPGNPMY2OMQ5MAO/Covid-19-Vaccine-development-e1599531596297.jpg News https://afohnet.org/covid daily 0.75 2022-08-05 https://afohnet.org/archive-brief daily 0.75 2022-08-05 https://afohnet.org/dr-chikwe daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/47fbfb12-c83a-4e9c-a1e9-0f2961d16de7/Dr+Chikwe%27s+Photo+3.jpg Dr Chikwe Ihekweazu - Dr. Chikwes Ihekweazu Dr. Chikwe Ihekweazu is the Director General of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) and was until January 2018, the Acting Director of the Regional Centre for Disease Control for West Africa. Dr Ihekweazu trained as an infectious disease epidemiologist and has over 20 years’ experience working in senior public health and leadership positions in several National Public Health Institutes, including the South African National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), the UK's Health Protection Agency, and Germany’s Robert Koch Institute (RKI). Dr Ihekweazu has led several short- term engagements for WHO, mainly in response to major infectious disease outbreaks around the world including the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)’. He is an inaugural of the Africa One Health Network. https://afohnet.org/dr-julius-lutwama daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/2e4e5998-eec8-4580-85b5-ba0ee561f144/Dr+Julius+Lutwama.jpg Dr Julius Lutwama - Dr. Julius Julian Lutwama Dr. Julius Julian Lutwama is an Assistant Director of Research with the Ministry of Health at the Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe. Dr. Lutwama trained as an Entomologist obtaining his PhD in 1991 and received further specialized training in molecular virology and entomology at the Centers for Diseases Control, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. He is the Deputy Director of the Institute and he is the head of the Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI). He also heads the WHO Collaborating National Influenza Center and the Highly Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory at UVRI. Dr. Lutwama is an Honorary Associate Professor in the Department of Medical Microbiology at the Makerere University College of Health Sciences. Over the 35 years of research work at UVRI, he has worked on numerous viral diseases including Influenza, Ebola, Marburg, Cremian Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, O’nyong-nyong, Bwamba, Pongola, Yellow Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Foot and Mouth Disease, etc. He has together with several collaborators, been involved in the long term follow up studies of cohorts of survivors of highly infectious diseases like EVD, Marburg, CCHF, etc. He has published widely in local and international peer-reviewed journals on a number of virus diseases. https://afohnet.org/dr-k daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/83f792ad-2a0f-451e-ae73-2976f745c7bc/Dr.+Kariuki+Njenga.jpg Dr Kariuki Njenga - Dr. Kariuki Njenga (Secretary) Dr. Kariuki Njenga serves as the secretary of the Steering Committee of AfOHNet. His full-time job is as Country Director & Professor of Infectious Diseases, Washington State University Global Health Program, in Nairobi, Kenya. His research focus in the East and Central Africa region includes combating emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and antimicrobial resistance. Based full-time in Kenya, his EIDs program includes human and animal health clinicians' training on epidemiology and approaches to control zoonotic infectious diseases, developing tools for early detection and response to emerging diseases. He is currently investigating the burden and maintenance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in its vertebrate reservoir, the dromedary camel, and camel owners in rural Northern Kenya; and teasing out factors associated with its zoonotic transmission. Dr. Njenga is Principal Investigator of two multi-year CDC grant and director of the newly NIH-funded Emerging Infectious Disease Research Center for East and Central Africa (EIDRC-ECA). He is a member of the US National Academy of Medicine. https://afohnet.org/kityo-robert-martin daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/41313081-5628-40a8-a812-9e59f2b9cefb/Dr+Robert+Kityo.jpg Dr Kityo Robert Martin - Dr. Kityo Robert Martin Dr. Kityo is a wildlife ecologist with particular interests in mammal ecology and taxonomy and mammal relations and roles in our natural world. In addition, however, I have wider interests in the broader terrestrial animal biodiversity. My current research interests are as diverse as my interest in the natural world, including •Bats ecology, •Bats pathogen discovery and ecology of emerging diseases •Land cover change and Matrix habitats influences on levels of Biodiversity. Exploration of fossiliferous sites in Uganda I am employed as the Curator of the University Museum at Makerere University in the Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences– but also do quite a good amount of teaching undergraduate and graduate classes and mentoring them into mammal ecology research. https://afohnet.org/prof-salome-bukachi daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/d34d25ae-eeef-4bd0-b020-1bab7f667692/Salome+Bukachi.jpg Prof Salome Bukachi - Prof. Salome Bukachi Prof. Salome A. Bukachi is a social/medical anthropologist with over 20 years’ experience working on infectious diseases with a focus on community knowledge and practices in relation to livestock and zoonotic diseases, including the gender issues therein, nutrition anthropology, health systems, socio-economic and cultural/behavioral aspects of infectious diseases and development. She works with various local and international stakeholders in undertaking research and development on anthropological issues. Her main disease focus has been on infectious zoonotic diseases – African trypanosomiasis, Rift Valley fever, brucellosis, among others. https://afohnet.org/dr-mischeck-mulumba daily 0.75 2021-12-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/3dfffbb5-cf60-4e09-ba30-87c96873120a/Dr+Mulumba+4.jpg Dr Mischeck Mulumba - Dr. Misheck Mulumba (Chair) Dr. Misheck Mulumba serves as the Chair of the Steering Committee of AfOHNet. His full-time job is as Head of the ARC- Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute in South Africa. He is also a member of the OIE Scientific Commission and Ad hoc Advisory Group on COVID19. He also serves as the Co-Chair of the South African One Health Forum. Dr. Mulumba is the current Editor of the Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. His research focus includes ticks and tick-borne diseases, antimicrobial resistance, transboundary animal diseases, and emerging infectious diseases. His interest in diseases at the environment, wildlife, livestock, and human interface started way back during his undergraduate studies. It was no surprise when he teamed up with colleagues to be a founding member of Wildlife Diseases Association, Africa, and the Middle East Chapter. He has also been involved in regional and continental coordination of livestock development programmes, working for both the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the African Union. He was instrumental in setting up the African Union Centre for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases (AU-CTTBD) in Malawi, which to this day continues to produce vaccines against tick-borne diseases. https://afohnet.org/home daily 1.0 2023-11-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1605929857290-MU6FQNI5WOBRN230FIGT/AOHN_v1.gif https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/a79ad41f-da8d-49c8-b077-b954bbbbee3b/WOHC+2024.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1650282618535-X93QY6NTJ82AQI40ZT8M/Workshoplogo-novenue.png HOME https://afohnet.org/steering-committee-2 daily 0.75 2023-10-20 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/5ebb7cc2-fff8-4073-ba49-57549dc98b65/Dr+A+Wade.png Steering Committee 2 - Make it stand out Dr. Abel Wade - Treasurer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1597969340698-0VHD9DRGUGFN4E9HXZM0/RKityo.jpg Steering Committee 2 Dr. Kityo Robert Martin - Member https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1599772570061-0BEAHU30Z8O1A6IVUI4A/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-09-10%2Bat%2B2.15.25%2BPM.jpg Steering Committee 2 Dr. Kariuki Njenga- Secretary https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/14936864-06cd-4f35-923a-56e18b71cbaa/Dr+J+Weyer.jpg Steering Committee 2 - Make it stand out Dr. Jacqueline Weyer - Subcommittee Member https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/d07bd9c4-ed68-40d4-9e87-6a050eb2f3c6/Salome+Bukachi.jpg Steering Committee 2 Prof. Salome Bukachi Member https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1630565154373-30S90SP75RZ9WRCRD8QO/Dr+Mulumba+4.jpg Steering Committee 2 Dr. Misheck Mulumba - Chair https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/db6950f5-6d4f-4554-8461-fda5e59b36af/passport+photo+Am+size+%283%29.jpg Steering Committee 2 Dr. Julius Lutwama - Member https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/120d59ba-d8ff-45be-8495-bb289e8521fd/Oyeladun+Okunromade.jpg Steering Committee 2 - Make it stand out Dr. Oyeladun Okunromade - Subcommittee Member https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/a490db78-e1b2-4535-bf33-cf9fec0e69e7/Dr+Chikwe%27s+Photo+3.jpg Steering Committee 2 Dr. Chikwe Ihekweazu - Member https://afohnet.org/network daily 0.75 2023-09-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/8f3502f8-69ee-4377-af65-95f90b66e1d0/AOHN004_Makereke%2BUniversity_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/06d91af6-b48a-4a21-bf90-ea36564f5fe1/AOHN006_One%2BHealth%2BCommision_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/4845fd55-528c-44ec-8672-e851af423818/AOHN002_UP%2BOHC_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/8186c314-9ec1-4dba-b2f3-ae09a55e7e70/AOHN003_DOH_HiResLogo_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/c4ffcea5-afea-4e4c-9cd6-602dd587635b/AOHN001_EHS_Consultancy_Ltd_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/f222e008-f794-40e7-9566-9633114b7f71/AOHN005_%2BInstitut%2Bpasteur%2Bde%2BBangui_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/b5b13e8c-2a05-4447-934d-e542bd71380d/AOHN008_University%2Bof%2BNgaoundere_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/5456cb43-935e-4cef-9a3f-7341dd00557a/Animal+Health+Institute.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/f7e81989-77c4-4dd2-9640-35324ca4cde1/AOHN007_Sokoine%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BAgriculture_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/212a55c1-c285-4d8f-81d2-47d760d2136b/AOHN012_UVRI_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/ab869426-02fa-40ea-af61-49d2f13b2eb0/AOHN011_NCDC2_v2.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/5ee1779d-3610-459e-bc53-2a0e103cbd12/AOHN010_LANAVET_v2.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/78ffe403-5025-4466-932a-0a6453b2ed91/6196_ARC-LOGO-1280x720.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/cb6df7e8-2057-4a29-8eef-499028b77cba/AU-IBAR-Logo.png https://afohnet.org/register daily 0.75 2023-11-21 https://afohnet.org/about daily 0.75 2022-11-08 https://afohnet.org/dr-oyeladun-okunromade daily 0.75 2022-02-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/120d59ba-d8ff-45be-8495-bb289e8521fd/Oyeladun+Okunromade.jpg Dr Oyeladun Okunromade - Dr. Oyeladun Okunromade Dr. Oyeladun Okunromade is an accomplished Senior Public Health and Global Health Consultant, with over 18 years extensive experience in managing Public Health programs, in development of public health strategies and strengthening health system, while working to bridge gaps between scientific, medical and governmental communities, soliciting and managing funds from multiple donors and financial streams, and leading complex delivery of health programs, with evidence significant results and coordinating multi-sectoral projects that control, eliminate, and eradicate infectious diseases across developing countries. She is a Deputy Director Surveillance in Nigeria Centre for Disease Control NCDC with multifaceted practical experience in International Health Regulations, Implementation of National Action Plan for Health Security, One Health, Surveillance and Epidemiology of infectious diseases, multisectoral coordination, data collection, analysis and program management, development of surveillance strategies, clinical trials phases, National polices/guidelines development and reviews, grant writing, implementation of projects/grants, monitoring and evaluation of projects/grants at national, regional and international health care development and country profile development. She is currently leading several partners programs and projects in Nigeria including –National Coordinator, One Health; National Surveillance coordination of Covid-19 response in Nigeria, Presidential task force for NYSC-NCDC reopening and Point of entry reopening in Nigeria, Gavi, WHO, US-CDC, UMB, resolve to save lives, UK-GHSA and others. A Public Health Physician by profession, an Associate Fellow of National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria, Fellow of International Program in Public Health Leadership from University of Washington, a fellow of Rx One Health Institute of University of California and a graduate of Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme (NFELTP). https://afohnet.org/dr-abel-wade daily 0.75 2022-02-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/2b596436-e849-419f-8c67-5a2c76aededa/Dr+A+Wade.png Dr Abel Wade - Dr. Abel Wade Dr. Abel Wade, is actually the Director General of Laboratoire National Veterinaire (LANAVET) in Cameroon. He is an Expert in Molecular Medical Microbiology with more than 20 years of experience on animal diseases surveillance (field sample collection on domestic and wildlife including bats) and zoonosis. Visiting Postgraduate lecturer at the Biotechnology Center and also at the department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, he has coordinated several projects and managed several research activities and grants from the IAEA, FLI and DFG, DTRA and more recently, the LEAP-Agri for the African European collaborative research team on Sustainable Agriculture and Aquaculture and on Food and Nutrition Security with grant or the research of 8 new arboviruses in Cameroon including new diagnostic (ELISA & real time PCR) assay development. Furthermore, his research capacity has made him to be part of the worldwide team in charge of developing a candidate vaccine for African swine fever, a pig disease of no vaccine and no treatment till today. With more than 30 scientific publications, he has also participated in developing and validating diagnostic tools for infectious diseases with a recognition price from FAO/IAEA joint division in 2013. His scientific sounded capacity was once more demonstrated, among others, by the early detections and management of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1 and H5N8) outbreaks in Cameroon during 2016-2017. He stands as the first African to have loaded the full genomes of the H5N8 gene into the genbank. Many times, Experts with IAEA, DTRA-CBEP, USAID and FAO in several domains (regional training courses, Project managements, consultancies) in Africa and Europe, his position as OIE focal point for laboratories in Cameroon and a multi-sectorial One Health expert makes him to be one of the best young scientists in sub-Sahara Africa for any laboratory research activities in animal health and zoonosis. He was able to benefit from DTRA grant for the total renovation of LANAVET Annex Yaoundé and soon Douala and Garoua. He set up a P3-light laboratory in Yaoundé here he does isolate non zoonotic viruses. This renovation has transformed LANAVET to be one of the best governmental veterinary public laboratory in Sub-Sahara Africa. https://afohnet.org/dr-j-weyer daily 0.75 2022-02-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/14936864-06cd-4f35-923a-56e18b71cbaa/Dr+J+Weyer.jpg Dr Jacqueline Weyer - Dr. Jacqueline Weyer Jacqueline Weyer is a Principal Medical Scientist at the Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service in South Africa. Here she is part of the team leading investigations (diagnostics and research) of human rabies, viral heamorrhagic fevers and other emerging zoonotic disease of concern to the health of the South African public. She holds a PhD in Microbiology from the University of Pretoria and a Master of Public Health from the Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (cum laude). From 2004 to 2005 she was employed as Research Fellow with the Rabies Unit of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia, United States of America. In 2006 she was awarded the L’Oreal-UNESCO, Department of Science and Technology Woman in Science Award: PhD Fellowship for Life Sciences. In the past 10 years, Jacqueline has authored and co-authored more than 40 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, and seven chapters in books, and achieved a National Research Foundation C2 rating in 2017. Jacqueline has been appointed as Extraordinary Lecturer to the University of Pretoria, since 2008, and has been involved in supervision of 14 BSc Hons or MSc research studies, one MPH and four PhD Students. In 2020, she was appointed as Lecturer in the School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand. She serves on several national and regional committees and working groups pertaining to laboratory biosafety and biosecurity, rabies and other zoonoses and One Health. She been co-chairing the National One Health Forum in South Africa since its inception. https://afohnet.org/prof-kazwala daily 0.75 2022-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/12606cc7-a06a-4bb1-b692-80080cd1f3cd/ProfKazwala.png Prof Rudovick Kazwala - Professor Rudovick R. Kazwala Professor Rudovick R. Kazwala is a graduate of BVSc at Sokoine University of Agriculture, MVM (University College Dublin, Ireland) and PhD (University of Edinburgh, UK). He is the Professor of Ecosystems and Public Health in the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. To date Professor Kazwala has supervised over 45 Postgraduate students and published a total of 150 articles https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=KazwalaR in the peer reviewed journals Prof. Kazwala was the Chairman of Veterinary Council of Tanzania from 2013 to 2021, is a member of the International Health Regulations, Roster of Experts in Veterinary Issues, Zoonoses, and coordinates research on Bacterial zoonoses (Brucellosis, Leptospirosis and Bovine tuberculosis), Viral zoonoses (Rift Valley fever and Rabies) and Food borne pathogens (Salmonella and Campylobacter) in various networks in Africa (AfriqueOne, OHEART, ICONZ) For the past one and half decade, Professor Kazwala is the Tanzanian Director of Health for Animals and Livelihood Improvement (HALI) Project, a collaborative research between College of Veterinary Medicine at University of California, Davis and Sokoine University of Agriculture. Since 2009, Prof. Kazwala has led the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats Program PREDICT Project in Tanzania, supporting the development of a wildlife disease surveillance and early warning system for high-risk viral pathogens, and heads a new molecular laboratory for emerging infectious diseases and pathogen discovery. As from 2014 to 2018, this work was carried out in tandem with the DTRA funded projects namely; (i) “Zoonotic Select Agents in Tanzania – A One Health Approach to Rift Valley Fever and Brucellosis Surveillance and (ii) “Evaluating Zoonotic Viral Sharing in South Tanzania Recently, Prof. Kazwala is also involved in the implementation of SEEDZ, HAZEL and Brucella Projects supported by BBSRC- ZELS initiative. Also leads AfriqueOne ASPIRE Thematic Training Programme on Brucellosis in East and West Africa. Prof. Kazwala has recently been recognized and awarded by The Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) and Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) for his excellence in research in wildlife diseases in Tanzania. His own University, SUA has also awarded him The Edward Moringe Sokoine Researcher of the Year for Excellence in Research for two consecutive years (2020 /2021). Professor has been ranked by the AD Scientific Index 2021-as Tanzania Number 1 Research Scientist. https://afohnet.org/contact-chairs daily 0.75 2022-04-13 https://afohnet.org/c2022-summary daily 0.75 2022-11-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/96bd5355-9538-4d57-a4e6-da3f868b5817/afohnetworkshop.jpg https://afohnet.org/growthtrends daily 0.75 2023-11-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/1a65e495-d1fb-43f4-8aed-88a52f8454eb/graph.jpg https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/cdcbf9e6-6870-4cde-835d-65fdf5431fb8/AOHN+map.png https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5edbcba435247707859dcdb6/ea8a76ca-e991-4877-ac88-e10254a92a9e/afohnet+group.jpg https://afohnet.org/general-disclaimer daily 0.75 2023-09-19 https://afohnet.org/privacy-policy daily 0.75 2023-09-19 https://afohnet.org/announcement daily 0.75 2023-11-30